Management of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: challenges and solutions
Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2016•Taylor & Francis
Background Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized
by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has
extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients.
Objective To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ
systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. Materials and methods We
performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined …
by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has
extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients.
Objective To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ
systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. Materials and methods We
performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined …
Background
Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients.
Objective
To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases.
Materials and methods
We performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of “sarcoidosis, extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and skin”. Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials, observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for relevant articles.
Results and conclusion
Isolated involvement of a single organ or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the individual patient.
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